不同来源堆肥腐殖质还原菌异化铁还原能力评估与调控

通过富集不同来源堆肥过程中的腐殖质还原菌,并分析比较其异化铁还原能力差异,发现其电子转移能力从大到小依次为：蛋白类>纤维素类>木质素类.相关性分析表明,Leucobacter、Clostridium sensu stricto和Sporosarcina是极显著影响异化铁还原的腐殖质还原菌属.利用冗余分析探究关键腐殖质还原菌与堆肥过程微环境因子的响应关系,结果发现可溶性有机氮是影响这些关键腐殖质还原菌变化的主要微环境因素.在此基础上,基于堆肥微环境因子与关键腐殖质还原菌菌群结构之间的响应关系,提出一种促进异化铁还原相关的腐殖质还原菌生长的调控方法.本研究可以深入了解堆肥中影响腐殖质还原菌群落的关键因素,而且对于环境中污染物生物地球化学循环也具有重要的生态学意义.     

有机固体废弃物堆肥的腐熟度参数及指标

腐熟度参数及其指标是评价堆肥过程及堆肥产品质量的重要尺度,本文综述了关于腐熟度的表观分析法、化学分析法、波谱分析法及植物生长分析法等４类评价方法和各种腐熟度参数及指标。     

土霉素降解菌TJ-1在猪粪无害化处理中的作用

利用普通理化分析结合Biolog微平板技术研究了土霉素高效降解菌Staphylococcus sp.TJ-1在新鲜猪粪无害化处理中的作用.结果表明,土霉素高效降解菌的接种能显著提高猪粪中土霉素的降解效率(p＜0.05),21d堆肥结束时可将土霉素降解率从62.7％提升至82.0％.堆肥结束后,不接种降解菌的普通堆肥工艺和接种降解菌的高效堆肥工艺中NH+4-N含量分别为189.34、42.36 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量分别为439.38、238.06 mg·kg-1.Biolog结果显示,土霉素降解菌TJ-1对土霉素中碳源的代谢有利于堆体中氨基酸类及芳香族化合物等氮源的降解,缓解了堆体中有毒有害物质对其他微生物的损伤,保证了微生物群落的多样性和活性,对维护堆体生态系统的稳定性具有良好作用.因此,接种高效降解菌进行堆肥是一种良好的消除抗生素残留的猪粪无害化工艺.     

用于分子生态学研究的堆肥DNA提取方法

分子生态学为堆肥微生物的研究提供了新的技术手段,DNA的提取是该技术的基础,但由于腐殖酸类物质的污染,增加了堆肥微生物总DNA的提取难度.采用了3种不同的方法(溶菌酶法、超声波破碎法和蛋白酶K-CTAB法)从堆肥中提取微生物的总DNA,使用核酸和蛋白质分析仪检测后表明3种提取方法获得的DNA产量均较高;琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果表明其长度约为23 kb;使用细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物(27F和1 495R)对总DNA进行PCR扩增,都获得了几乎全长的16S rDNA序列(约1.5 kb);利用限制性内切酶(Hae Ⅲ和AluⅠ)对纯化后的PCR产物进行RFLP分析,结果表明3种方法提取的DNA反映了比较一致的微生物多样性.虽然3种方法各有优缺点,但其提取的DNA都可以用于堆肥微生物的分子生态学研究,可以根据实际需要选用某一种方法用于提取堆肥总DNA.     

Fate of tetracyclines in swine manure of three selected swine farms in China

Veterinary antibiotics can enter the environment due to the common practice of land application of manure from treated animals. The environmental fate of tetracyclines in swine manure after composting and field application remains largely unknown. This study analyzed the concentrations of tetracyclines in manure, manure-based compost and compost amended soil in selected swine farms from Beijing, Jiaxing and Putian, China to determine the dilution effects of antibiotics when released into the soil environment. The results demonstrate that residues of antibiotics were detected in all samples and chlortetracycline as well as its degradation products should be regarded critically concerning their potential ecotoxicity. Application of manure-based compost to soil could reduce the possible risk posed by antibiotic contamination, but the trigger value of 100 μupg/kg was still exceeded in soil samples (776.1 μupg/kg dw) from Putian City after application of compost. Field studies such as the present one can help to improve the routine administration of antibiotic-containing composted manure.     

降雨对农家堆肥氮磷流失的影响及其面源污染风险分析

采用原位研究方法,经过历时120 d的农家堆肥试验,对比分析了秸秆、棚膜、土层、裸露等4种覆盖堆肥方式中,降雨对总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、总磷和可溶性磷径流流失的影响及其面源污染风险.结果表明,各种覆盖方式的堆肥随着堆肥的腐熟和径流的增加,氮素、磷素的径流流失浓度逐渐降低,其中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮浓度随时间的变化符合一级动力学方程,而总磷、可溶性磷符合直线方程.从各处理趋势来看,各种氮磷养分径流流失浓度与流失强度表现为无覆盖>秸秆覆盖>土层覆盖>棚膜覆盖.棚膜覆盖堆肥对面源污染的风险较小,可以作为改善农村环境卫生、控制氮磷流失的堆肥方法.     

堆肥厂运行管理的模糊数学评价

文章采用模糊数学评价法评价堆肥厂的运行管理状况,既克服了单、少指标评价的片面性,反映了堆肥厂运行状况评价的多因素、多变量和多层次的特点,又体现了堆肥厂运行状况评价的模糊性。     

污泥堆肥农用效应研究

污泥是污水处理厂剩余物,随着社会的发展,污泥处置将成为一个潜在问题。污泥因其含有大量有机质和氮磷钾等营养成分,是非常值得利用的肥源。以西南科技大学污水处理厂污泥为研究对象。开展了污泥堆肥应用效应的研究。采用大田分区试验的方法,研究了西南科技大学污水厂污泥堆肥土地利用中作物的生长状况。结果表明：污泥堆肥用于作物种植,具有非常好的肥效,不仅能提高作物产量。并且在品质各方面均高于对照,使几种作物表现出高于空白对照的生长状况：不同处理施肥量下,作物生长状况为污泥堆肥＋化肥〉污泥堆肥〉化肥〉空白对照。因此,污泥堆肥供肥潜力大,是一种值得合理利用的肥源。     

对壳幔二元混合模型的讨论

壳幔二元混合模计算结果的意义是多解的。对该模型所获得的“壳幔比”,并不象一些研究者所认为并强调的那样具有定量意义。所以,将f_M视为岩浆形成时地幔物质直接参与的质量比是不正确的;实质上,它只能被用来定性地反映岩浆源区岩石的成熟程度。     

Biodegradation of an Epoxy-Based Thermoplastic Polyester, Poly(Hydroxy Ester Ether) in a Laboratory-Scale Compost System

An epoxy-based thermoplastic polyester, poly(hydroxy ester ether), was incubated under aerobic conditions in a laboratory-scale compost system for 168 days to evaluate its potential for biodegradation. Radiolabeled test polymer [uniformly ¹⁴C ring-labeled, poly(hydroxy ester ether)] was incorporated into a mature compost and a sludge-amended compost at a loading of 3 mg test polymer/g compost. ¹⁴C-Cellulose was used as the positive control and a biologically inhibited control reactor was used to assess abiotic degradation of the test polymer. Degradation of the test polymer was assessed by measuring the amount of ¹⁴C-CO₂ from each of the test reactors. In addition, at selected time intervals subsamples of the compost were collected and serially extracted with water, methanol, and dimethylformamide to monitor degradation of the ¹⁴C-test polymer and provide a partial characterization of the degradation intermediates. Extensive degradation of ¹⁴C-poly(hydroxy ester ether) was observed in the test reactors with degradation half-life of the parent polymer (t _1/2) of approximately 32 days. By the end of the study, only 2% of the total ¹⁴C activity in the test reactors was attributed to intact polymer, with most of the measurable ¹⁴C activity converted to either ¹⁴C-CO₂ (26% of total ¹⁴C activity) or nonextractable products (accounting for 60% of the total activity). In contrast to the test reactors, only 3% of the ¹⁴C-poly(hydroxy ester ether) added to the biologically inhibited control reactor was mineralized to ¹⁴C-CO₂. The results obtained from the microbially active and biologically inhibited compost systems indicate that the poly(hydroxy ester ether) polymer was degraded, at least in part, by a biologically mediated process.